Hob



Jlne l?, 1939. C, G, OLSON ys HOB Filed March 25; 1927"` ESheets-Sheet 1 '.PRESSURE ANG/ E F Hog PRESSURE ANGLE @P62521 v" v PRESSUR ANG/ E 0F I I 95A@ AND HOB/Za. /M

Jun@ QE@ Q (g- OLSON jgg HOB Filed March 25, 1927 l 2 shwtshwy 2 T-ry's,

Patente-fd dune "f7, i193@ CARL G. OLSON, OIE CHICAGO, ILLINOIS, ASSIGNOR TO ILLINOIS TOOL-WORKS, OF

CHICAGO, ILLINOIS, A. CORPORATION OF ILLINOIS non Application. filed March 25, 1927. i Serial No. 178,248l

This invention relates to hobs forcutting` spur gears and the like, and the object primarily is to obtain al tool of greater-capacity for Work than those heretofore produced. 5 This hob is adapted to remove stock more easilythan the ordinary hob, and is therefore particularly adapted for roughing operations in large Work.

I have found that a hob cuts more efticientl when We increase the sharpness of oneof tiie cutting edges (even at the expense of rendering the other edge more obtuse) and then so configurate the hob teeth as to cause that' sharper edge to do the major portion of the cutting. The sharpness of the cutting edge can be increased by running the flutes or gashes obliquely to the thread of the hob; for example, in my illustrated form of hob, I run the gashes helically and With the same hand lead as the thread of the hob. As part of my discovery, I have found that the amount of cutting imposed on one edge or the other of the hob teeth may be controlled by varying the steepness of the slope of the sides of the teeth. By increasing the steepness` of the sides of the teeth, the greater Will be the amount of metal removed by the leading side of the teeth and the less will be removed by the leaving side. I have coordinated these facts and increase the sharpness of one of the cutting edges of the hob teeth and then fso` slope the sides of the teeth as to call upon that' sharper side to do a greater amount of cutting than heretofore. This increases the elfi ciency of the hob.

In the drawings, I have shown a right hand hob, i. e., a heb whose thread is a helix having a right hand lead, and have run the flutes in a right hand helix or spiral (but'of course with a longer lead), which increases the sharpness of the cutting edge at the leading side of the hob tooth and have made the slope of the sides of the teeth steeper, Which increases the amount of metal which the leading cuttingy edge Will be called upon to and Will remove from the gear blank.

The ordinary hob usually generates from the pitch circle of the gear to be cut. If the heb teeth have stee er sides than ordinary, they will generate rom a circle of smaller `be oblique to its line of movement.

is that my new hob has a shorter helical lead than the ordinary hob.

In bobbing, as Well as many other metal cutting operations, cutting will be facilitated by So arranging the cutting edge that it Will This causes the edge to take a shearing cut and the Obliquity of the cutting edge to its path of movement is sometimes referred to as hook. I have contrived to take advantage of this principle in conjunction with the others herein explained, and in its developed form, my

invention contemplates these improvements combined with the others. In the hob illustrated, both the side cutting edge and the top ,the top of the tooth at thecutting edge thereof. This undercutting also imparts a hook to the leading cutting edge of the teeth. i

To restate` the matter briefly, as applied to the specific form of hob illustrated, I increasethe sharpness of the leading side of leaving side more obtuse, and contrive to lessen the amount of Work or volume of cutting which the leaving side of the hob teeth Will be called upon to perform and allot the decrement to the sharper, that is, the more acute edges; and this latter is accomplished by modifying the shape and relative positions of the hob teeth, that is, making the sides steeper than usual, which among other things, shortens the helical lead or the pitch of the hob. In eonj unetion With this, in the more developed form ofv hob, I inject the advantages resulting from cutting with a shearing action,

'cutting edge of the hob teeth take shearing"- 4the hob teeth at the expense of rendering the in my invention.

' -teeth of substantially the same size and shapeV andl from increasing the sharpness at the top cutting edge of the teeth.

This will be understood from the following description taken in connection with the accompanying drawings in which- Figure 1 is an end view ot a hob embodied Figure 2 is a side viewl thereof.

Figure 3 4is a diagram o-n an increased scale showing an outline of the teeth of a gear and of the teeth of a heb embodying my invention.

3 showing the same gear teeth, but in cooper` ative relation with the teeth of an ordinary hob.

or profile of a tooth of my hob and the manner in which it generates the gear teeth.

' Figure 6 is a diagram analogous to Figure 5 showing an outline of an ordinary hob tooth and themanner in which it generates gear as in Figure 3.

Figure 7 is a sectional view on the curved line 7- 7 Figure 1, the scale, however, being enlarged.

Figure 8 is similar to Figure A2 on a decreased scale but,l showing a double thread hub instead of one having a single thread.

Like numerals denote like parts throughout the several views. Y

To consider first the a'shing and undercutting,d reference should e had to Figures 1,

, `v2 and 7 The hob has a body 10 with teeth 12 arranged helically in accordance with the general principles of a hob. In Figure 2 I have shown a single thread hob, although the same principles vapply to a double thread hob as shown in Figure 8. Thedrawings illustrate right hand hobs, that is, one in which the helix progresses from the right end to the left end when the hob is viewed from the side Where the cutting edges face downward. The gashes 14, while extending approximately transversely of the thread helix of the hub, extend helically and in a right-hand direction. The result is that the teeth are rendered more acute at the leading edge v16 (see especially Figure 7) with a corresponding decrease in the acuteness of the leaving edge 17. y, In fact the leavingedge becomes an ob- .tuseangle The edect produced upon the top cutting edge 18 is to give to it an- Obliquity with respect to the direction in which it moves 4in cutting, with the result that it willvtake a shearing cut.

In my lhob the teeth are'also undercut, by

`which I mean, as stated,.that it aradial line be dropped from the top of the hob tooth at the forward edge, the front face ,ot/the toth will Slant. backward from thigh/15e. This pro- Figure l is a diagram analogous to Figure Figure 5 is a diagram showing an outline meshes sults in an increase in the acut'eness of the top cutting edge 18, as previously mentioned.

F rom the foriegoingit will be evident that by running the gashcs along a helix oi they same hand lead as the thread helix the leading edge of the hob teeth hasbecn made sharper, that is, rendered more acute, but at the expense of the leaving edge c17. To consider now the m-anner in which I'liave compensated for this reference should be' had to the diagrams, particularly Figures 5 and 6.

In the ordinary hob, whose action is illustrated in Figure 6, the leaving edge 17a removes a greater volume of metal trom the zone of action of the leaving edge 17'L is repre- \1 sented by the area (l, e, f. The Zone of action of the cutting edge 18 at the top of the hob tooth is represented by the area e, ZJ, c, f. It

will be understood that the diagram is not offered as methematically accurate, but as illustrative, and it will also be understood that these proportions will vary slightly under different conditions. *for example, the vo.- umes removed by the different cutting edges .will be different-where the gear is designed -on a 14% pressure angle than where the gear is designed on a 20 pressure angle The fact remains,ho\vever,that with the vordinary hob the leaving cutting edge is required to remove a considerable proportion of Vthe total amount to be removed, and in a'hub ot' my construction the amount required ot thel leaving edge is much reduced. .l

Referring now for comparison to the diagram of F igure in which the principle of action of my hob is illustrated, the leading edge 16 removes metal from the zone A, B, C while the volumeA which must-be removed by the leading edge 17 is represented by thearea D, Fi, F. The volume removed by thetop cutting edge 18 is represented by the area E, B, C, F. Roughly speaking, for hobs designed to produce involute gear teethbased on a 20o pressure, angle the volume of metal removed by the leading edge of my hob will be ordinarily in the neighborhood of 25%'ot` the whole, and of the top cutting edge about 60% ot the whole, and of the leaving edgeY v i about 15 As in the previous instance,how

ever, these percentages are not offered asbeing accurate but rather as being illustrative,

f and the same is true of the diagram itself. @Now to explain the difference in :the -two hobs of Figures 5 and 6 more from the the- ;pretical viewpoint, attention is directed 'to Figures 3 and 4, which are also diagrammatic incense and show respectively the new and the ordinary hob. ln these two views the gear teeth 21 are identical. The pitch circle of the gear teeth ,is represented by the arc 30, and the pressure tangent by the line 31 which may be assumed to be at an angle of 20O from the radius 32 which passes through the pressure point- 34, that is, the point where the pressure tangent intersects the pitch circle. The base circle 36 from which the gear tooth is generated is of course derived by erecting a perpendicular 38 to the pressure tangent 3l at the pitch point 34. Line 38 will be referred to as the pressure line and the angle between this and the pitch line tangent 39 of the gear will, of course, represent the pressure angle. In the ordinary hob, which Figure 4 represents, the side of the adjacent hob tooth is made to conform (allowance being made for clearance of course) to the pressure tangent 31. Thus the hob teeth will have the same pressure angle as the teeth of the gear to be cut.

Now referring for comparison to Figure 3, which is a diagram illustrating the action of my improved hob, the gear teeth 21 are the same as in Figure 4, and the same is true of the pitch circle 30, pressure line 38 of the gear teeth and gear toot-h tangent 39. But

for my hob I make the side of the hob tooth.

conform to a pressure tangent 3la which is tangent to the side of the gear tooth at a point 40 lower down on the gear tooth. Thus it will be evident that the'teeth of my new hob will have sides which are more nearly perpendicular to thehob axis, and are thinner at the base and thicker at the top than theteeth of the ordinary hob shown in rF igure 4. A. perpendicular 38a erected upon a line 31a at the point 40 will lie more nearly parallel with the pitch line 42 of the hob than will line 38 relatively to the pitch line tangent 39 of the gear. Thus in my hob the pressure angle is smaller and the pitch line 42 of the hob is not coincident with the pitch line tangent 39 of the gear. Incidentally it may be stated that in my hob the lead is somewhat shorter than in the ordinary hob.

The hob shown in Figure 8 is made in accordance with the principles above described, but has a double thread, that is, having two starts of thread, which is'found to be desirable, especially in connection with roughing From the foregoing it will be seen that my hob in its preferred form has'two cuttin'g edges which are definitely acute, but that while this acuteness is obtained at the expense of the third cutting edge, which becomes obtuse, this objection is more than offset bythe improved action of the other two cutting edges and the fact that the teeth are modified in such a way as to require the acute cuttingl edges to remove the greater bulk of the material and assume a considerableV amount of the burden usually carried by the leaving side, which is now rendered obtuse. The'eth'ciency is also enhanced by the fact that the acute cutting edges take a shearing cut. I have found by test that production in cutting gears with these hobs has l been raised about- 50% over the production obtained when ordinary hobs are used. The improvement becomes very important when cutting gear teeth of large pitches Where the bulk of the material'is removed by a roughing operation, for which this hob is far supe-- rior to the ordinary roughing hob.

Having thus described my invention what I claim as new and desire to secure by Lettersl 2. A hob having spiral gashes oblique toA the'thread of the hob and of the same hand lead as the thread of thehob thereby increasing the sharpness of the cutting edge at the leading side of the hob teeth, the .hob teeth .having sides steeper than the teeth of hobs whose axial pitch is equal to the circular pitch of the gear to be cut.

3. A hob for cutting ordinary involute tooth gears, said hob havinggashes oblique.

to the thread of the h ob and extending in a direction to increase the sharpness of the cutting edge of the leading side of the hob teeth,

the hob teeth having steeply sloping sidesu to thereby generate on a circle of 'smaller diameter than the pitch circle of the gear to be cut, the hob teeth being undercut to thereby produce an acute cutting angle at the top cutting'edge of the hob teeth. i

4. A hob for V'cutting involute tooth gears, said hob having a lead shorter than that required to make the normal pitch of the hob. equal to the circular pitch of the gear to be cut, the hob having gashes traversing the thread of the hob obliquely in a direction to increase the sharpness of the cutting edge of the leading side of the hob teeth and to make the top cutting edge of the teeth oblique to the direction of movementof the teethto thereby produce a shearing cut, the hob teeth being undercut to thereby produce an acute cutting edge at the top of the hob teeth. l 5. A hob for cutting involute tooth gears, said hob having` a lead which willproduce av shorter normal spacing of the threads of the hob than the circular pitch of the gears to be cut, all of the teeth having the same contiguration and both sides of the teeth having the same degree of slope, the hob having gashes traversing the thread of the hob obliquely in a direction to increase the sharpness ofthe cutllU teeth.

'..steepness as to cause 'approximately diamet .diametrically through the heb ting edge the ieadi and to make the tap c oblique to the direction 6. A hob fer cuil n sides of the heb tee involnte gears Athe ving a siepe et such to generate on a circle of smaller diameter than the diametrical pitch circle of the gear to be cnt.

7. Aj spiral gash hoh in which While approximately transverse te are helicaVA nd of the saine hand and the teeth. have a p Ussure e the pressure angle of the teeth i be cut.

8. A hob having teeth with an acute cutting edge and an obtuse leaving cutting edge, the teeth having straight Asides when viewed in proiile upon a plane passing Jrorimately ze teeth heder at the sides of the aigle of the ing narrower at the bottom an top than in a heb in which th teeth conform to the pressure teeth of the gear to he c L 9. A hob having rozriinately spiral gashes of the same hanc lead -as the thread of the' hob, the teeth Laving straight sides when viewed in proiile .pon a plane passing ally' through the hob, the teeth being r. Wer at the bottom and Wider at the tcp'than in a heb in which the sides of the teeth conform to the pressure angle of the teeth of the gear to be cut., the hob teeth being undercut to thereby produce an acute angle at the cutting edge of the hob teeth.

10. A hob having a helicoidal thread serrated to make teeth or" standard contour and f' of standard pitch, helicoidal flutes in the same helicoidal direction but of a longer/lead than 1 the thread; the angle of the Hutes to the plane Yofrotation being about 85'.

yl1.4 In a hob for generating involute gear teeth and the like having a helicoidal thread having an axial pitch which is smaller than the circular pitch of the gearto be cut, the rolling pitch line of the'hob being tangent K- toa generating circle located inside of the pitch. circle of the gear to be cut.

12. A hob for generating involute gear I teeth and the like having a helicoidal thread which has an axial pitch corresponding to a distance measured along a circle which is of less diameter than the pitch circle of the gear to he cut,I said distance being taken between a pair of ii'nagiiiaig7 radial' lines of the gear which intersect said iirst mentioned circle, said imaginary lines vpassii'ig through the i "pitch circle ci the gear at points, the distance f ed Ybetween which is equal to the circular pitch l of the gear.

In Witness whereof, I have hereunto suhscribed my naine.

CARL e. oLsoN.

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